### Giuseppe Lodato, Daniel J. Price

[ full text pdf (340 kb) ], accepted for publication in MNRAS 14/02/10 (arXiv:1002.2973).

# Abstract

In this paper we revisit the issue of the propagation of warps in thin and viscous accretion discs. In this regime warps are know to propagate diffusively, with a diffusion coefficient approximately inversely proportional to the disc viscosity. Previous numerical investigations of this problem (Lodato & Pringle 2007) did not find a good agreement between the numerical results and the predictions of the analytic theories of warp propagation, both in the linear and in the non-linear case. Here, we take advantage of a new, low-memory and highly efficient Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) code to run a large set of very high resolution simulations (up to 20 million SPH particles) of warp propagation, implementing an isotropic disc viscosity in different ways, to investigate the origin of the discrepancy between the theory and the numerical results. We identify the cause of the discrepancy in an incorrect calibration of disc viscosity in Lodato & Pringle (2007). Our new and improved analysis now shows a remarkable agreement with the analytic theory both in the linear and in the non-linear regime, in terms of warp diffusion coefficient and precession rate. It is worth noting that the resulting diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to the disc viscosity only for small amplitude warps and small values of the disc $\alpha$ coefficient ($\alpha\lesssim 0.1$). For non-linear warps, the diffusion coefficient is a function of both radius and time, and is significantly smaller than the standard value. Warped accretion discs are present in many contexts, from protostellar discs to accretion discs around supermassive black holes. In all such cases, the exact value of the warp diffusion coefficient may strongly affect the evolution of the system and therefore its careful evaluation is critical in order to correctly estimate the system dynamics.

## Movies

Movies and images by Daniel Price (2010), released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License.
[directory listing of all movies here]
Animation showing the propagation of a large amplitude warp in a low viscosity (alpha = 0.03) accretion disc (8.3Mb Quicktime). Whilst the propagation shows some features of the transition to the wave-like regime, in this case the warp profile steepens with time leading to a near-complete break in the disc (though note the continuing accretion across the break at later times that we are able to resolve with this calculation that uses 20 million SPH particles).
Animation showing the propagation of a large amplitude warp in a moderate viscosity (alpha = 0.1) accretion disc (1.7Mb Quicktime). This one illustrates the more "usual" scenario - a steady diffusion of the warp in the disc.

Version with no annotation (1.3Mb Quicktime)
Animation showing the disc structure in a calculation with a very small-amplitude (1 percent) warp (1.1Mb Quicktime)
Cross section of the accretion disc in a calculation with a very small-amplitude (1 percent) warp (1.5Mb Quicktime)
Evolution of the accretion disc in a calculation with a very small-amplitude (1 percent) warp (1.7Mb Quicktime) (not very exciting...)
Evolution of the accretion disc in a calculation with a large amplitude warp (10Mb Quicktime)

## Images

Images and movies were produced using SPLASH, a free visualisation tool for SPH data.