3.21 Pronominal d-Insertion P-20.

There are a number of pronominal prefixes added to verbs which appear to have an underlying form ending in //n// Most often, the following morpheme begins with a consonant, and the //n// is eventually realised as a surface nasal homorganic to a following stop, or else deleted (before another nasal, /1/ /1/ or /r/ . However, the prefix ending in //n// can occasionally be followed by a morpheme beginning in an underlying vowel, often /a/ or /a:/ but not restricted to these, and in this event a /d/ is inserted between the //n// and the vowel.

The only pronominal prefixes of this type are 1Sg_b (intr.) or 1Sg → ANA_Ø //n^gan-// lInPlb or lInPl → ANA_Øb //nan^g-// and 2Sg_a or 2Sg → ANA_Øa //nun^g-// In general, other prefixes (and compound initials) do not result in insertion of /d/ by the present rule; instead, Velar-Insertion P-8 applies, inserting /n^g/ or sometimes /g/ if the prefix ends in a stop or nasal.

We exemplify with verb stems //=abi-// 'to jump' and //=a:gi-// 'to return (intr.)'. Compare //n^ga=abi-n^y// → /n^ga:='bi-n^y/ 'I jumped' with //n^gan=abi-n^y// → /n^gand=a:bi-n^y/ 'I will jump', also /nand=a:bi-n^y/ 'you and I will jump' and /nund=a: bi-n^y/ 'you(Sg) jumped'. Compare also //n^ga=a:gi-n^y// → /n^ga:=-'gi-n^y/ 'I returned' with //n^gan=a:gi-n^y// → /n^gand=a:gi-n^y/ 'I will return' also /nand=a:gi-n^y/ 'you and I will return' and /nund=a:gi-n^y/ 'you returned'. With prefix /-n^garaG-/ one of the Multiple affixes, we get /wuru-n^gara=gabi:-ni/ 'they all jumped' and /wuru-n^gara=ga:gi:-ni/ 'they all returned', with Velar-Insertion P-8.

The same prefixes which induce insertion of /d/ in these forms have the same effect before /i/ and /u/ that they have before /a/ Thus //n^gan=u-ma-na// → /n^gand=u:-ma-na/ 'I will hit/kill it (ANA_Ø)' and //n^gan=in^ygala-gi-'-n^y// → /n^gand=i:n^ygalagi-'-n^y/ 'I will take a shortcut'.The exx. in the preceding paragraphs show that, in addition to inserting a /d/ the present rule also lengthens the following vowel (usually stem-initial, but also the initial vowel of a compound initial or derivational prefix if present).

We write the /d/ to the left of the morpheme boundary, but this is arbitrary (it avoids confusion about the identity of the stem).