permuted.index2 {vegan} | R Documentation |
Unrestricted and restricted permutation designs for time series, line transects, spatial grids and blocking factors.
permuted.index2(n, control = permControl()) permControl(strata = NULL, nperm = 199, complete = FALSE, type = c("free", "series", "grid"), permute.strata = FALSE, maxperm = 9999, minperm = 99, mirror = FALSE, constant = FALSE, ncol = NULL, nrow = NULL, all.perms = NULL) permute(i, n, control)
n |
numeric; the length of the returned vector of permuted values. Usually the number of observations under consideration. |
control |
a list of control values describing properties of the
permutation design, as returned by a call to permControl . |
strata |
An integer vector or factor specifying the strata for permutation. If supplied, observations are permuted only within the specified strata. |
nperm |
the number of permutations. |
complete |
logical; should complete enumeration of all permutations be performed? |
type |
the type of permutations required. One of "free" ,
"series" , or "grid" . See Details. |
permute.strata |
logical; should strata be permuted? See Details. |
maxperm |
the maximum number of permutations to perform. Currently unused. |
minperm |
the lower limit to the number of possible permutations
at which complete enumeration is performed. See argument
complete and Details, below. |
mirror |
logical; should mirroring of sequences be allowed? |
constant |
logical; should the same permutation be used within
each level of strata? If FALSE a separate, possibly restricted,
permutation is produced for each level of strata . |
ncol, nrow |
numeric; the number of columns and rows of samples in the spatial grid respectiavly. |
all.perms |
an object of class allPerms , the result of a
call to allPerms . |
i |
integer; row of control$all.perms to return. |
permuted.index2
can generate permutations for a wide range of
restricted permutation schemes. A small selection of the available
combinations of options is provided in the Examples section below.
Argument mirror
determines whether grid or series permutations
can be mirrored. Consider the sequence 1,2,3,4. The relationship
between consecutive observations is preserved if we reverse the
sequence to 4,3,2,1. If there is no inherent direction in your
experimental design, mirrored permutations can be considered
part of the Null model, and as such increase the number of possible
permutations. The default is to not use mirroring so you must
explicitly turn this on using mirror = TRUE
in
permControl
.
To permute strata
rather than the observations within the
levels of strata
, use permute.strata = TRUE
. However, note
that the number of observations within each level of strata
must be equal!
For some experiments, such as BACI designs, one might wish to use the
same permutation within each level of strata. This is controlled by
argument constant
. If constant = TRUE
then the same
permutation will be generated for each level of strata
. The
default is constant = FALSE
.
permute
is a higher level utility function for use in a loop
within a function implementing a permutation test. The main purpose of
permute
is to return the correct permutation in each iteration
of the loop, either a random permutation from the current design or
the next permutation from control\$all.perms
if it is not
NULL
and control\$complete
is TRUE
.
For permuted.index2
a vector of length n
containing a
permutation of the observations 1, ..., n using the permutation
scheme described by argument control
.
For permControl
a list with components for each of the possible
arguments.
permuted.index2
is currently used in one Vegan function;
permutest.betadisper
. Over time, the other functions
that currently use the older permuted.index
will be
updated to use permuted.index2
.
Gavin Simpson
permCheck
, a utility function for checking
permutation scheme described by permControl
.
set.seed(1234) ## unrestricted permutations permuted.index2(20) ## observations represent a time series of line transect permuted.index2(20, control = permControl(type = "series")) ## observations represent a time series of line transect ## but with mirroring allowed permuted.index2(20, control = permControl(type = "series", mirror = TRUE)) ## observations represent a spatial grid perms <- permuted.index2(20, permControl(type = "grid", ncol = 4, nrow = 5)) ## view the permutation as a grid matrix(matrix(1:20, nrow = 5, ncol = 4)[perms], ncol = 4, nrow = 5) ## random permutations in presence of strata block <- gl(4, 5) permuted.index2(20, permControl(strata = block, type = "free")) ## as above but same random permutation within strata permuted.index2(20, permControl(strata = block, type = "free", constant = TRUE)) ## time series within each level of block permuted.index2(20, permControl(strata = block, type = "series")) ## as above, but with same permutation for each level permuted.index2(20, permControl(strata = block, type = "series", constant = TRUE)) ## spatial grids within each level of block permuted.index2(100, permControl(strata = block, type = "grid", ncol = 5, nrow = 5)) ## as above, but with same permutation for each level permuted.index2(100, permControl(strata = block, type = "grid", ncol = 5, nrow = 5, constant = TRUE)) ## permuting levels of block instead of observations permuted.index2(20, permControl(strata = block, type = "free", permute.strata = TRUE)) ## Simple function using permute() to assess significance ## of a t.test pt.test <- function(x, group, control) { ## function to calculate t t.statistic <- function(x, y) { m <- length(x) n <- length(y) ## means and variances, but for speed xbar <- .Internal(mean(x)) ybar <- .Internal(mean(y)) xvar <- .Internal(cov(x, NULL, 1, FALSE)) yvar <- .Internal(cov(y, NULL, 1, FALSE)) pooled <- sqrt(((m-1)*xvar + (n-1)*yvar) / (m+n-2)) (xbar - ybar) / (pooled * sqrt(1/m + 1/n)) } ## check the control object control <- permCheck(x, control)$control ## number of observations nobs <- getNumObs(x) ## group names lev <- names(table(group)) ## vector to hold results, +1 because of observed t t.permu <- numeric(length = control$nperm) + 1 ## calculate observed t t.permu[1] <- t.statistic(x[group == lev[1]], x[group == lev[2]]) ## generate randomisation distribution of t for(i in seq_along(t.permu)) { ## return a permutation want <- permute(i, nobs, control) ## calculate permuted t t.permu[i+1] <- t.statistic(x[want][group == lev[1]], x[want][group == lev[2]]) } ## pval from permutation test pval <- sum(abs(t.permu) >= abs(t.permu[1])) / (control$nperm + 1) ## return value return(list(t.stat = t.permu[1], pval = pval)) } ## generate some data with slightly different means set.seed(1234) gr1 <- rnorm(20, mean = 9) gr2 <- rnorm(20, mean = 10) dat <- c(gr1, gr2) ## grouping variable grp <- gl(2, 20, labels = paste("Group", 1:2)) ## create the permutation design control <- permControl(type = "free", nperm = 999) ## perform permutation t test perm.val <- pt.test(dat, grp, control) perm.val ## compare perm.val with the p-value from t.test() t.test(dat ~ grp, var.equal = TRUE)