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%A S. Li
%A et al ...
%A H. Lipson
%T Particle robotics based on statistical mechanics of loosely coupled
   components
%J Nature
%V 567
%P 361-365
%M MAR
%D 2019
%K jrnl, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, robotics, robot, swarm, distributed, AI,
   behaviour, movement
%X "... demonstrate a robotic system whose overall behaviour can be successfully
   controlled by exploiting statistical mechanics phenomena. We achieve this by
   incorporating many loosely coupled 'particles', which are incapable of
   independent locomotion & do not possess individual identity or addressable
   position. In the proposed system, each particle is permitted to perform only
   uniform volumetric oscillations that are phase-modulated by a global signal.
   Despite the stochastic motion of the robot & lack of direct control of its
   individual components, we demonstrate physical robots composed of up to two
   dozen particles & simulated robots with up to 100,000 particles capable of
   robust locomotion, object transport & phototaxis (movement towards a light
   stimulus). ..."
   -- [doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1022-9]['19].

%A D. T. Campbell
%T Assessing the impact of planned social change
%J Evaluation and Program Planning
%V 2
%N 1
%P 67-90
%D 1979
%K jrnl, c1979, c197x, c19xx, zz0319, Campbell's, Campbells, Campbell, law,
   laws, cambell, measure, impact, KPI, KPIs, JIF, Hindex, quote, quotable,
   funny, scientific research, assessment, management, university, distortion,
   corruption, corrupt, bibliometrics, game, gaming, spoof, spoofing, abuse
%X "It is a special characteristic of all modern societies that we consciously
   decide on and plan projects designed to improve our social systems. It is our
   universal predicament that our projects do not always have their intended
   effects. Very probably we all share in the experience that often we cannot
   tell whether the project had any impact at all, so complex is the flux of
   historical changes that would have been going on anyway, and so many are the
   other projects that might be expected to modify the same indicators. ..."
   -- [doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-X]['19].
   Campbell's law: "The more any quantitative social indicator is used for
      social decision-making, the more subject it will be to corruption
      pressures and the more apt it will be to distort and corrupt the social
      processes it is intended to monitor."
      -- CL@[wikip]['19].
   (Also see 'Incentive malus ...', The Economist 24/9/2016 [www]['19].)
   [Also search for: Goodhart law]  and  [also search for: publish perish].

%A C. A. E. Goodhart
%T Problems of Monetary Management: The U.K. Experience
%B Monetary Theory and Practice
%E A. S. Courakis
%P 91-121
%D 1984
%K Goodharts, Goodhart's law, laws, c1984, c198x, c19xx, zz0319, assessment, UK,
   measure, evaluation, funny, ranking, impact, JIF, KPI, KPIs, Hindex,
   scientific research, university, distortion, corruption, bibliometrics,
   misuse, gaming
%X "In 1971 the monetary authorities in the UK adopted a new approach to
   monetary management, a change of policy announced & described in several
   papers on competition & credit control. The subsequent experience of trying
   to operate this revised system has, however, been troublesome & at times
   unhappy. The purpose here is to examine certain aspects of recent monetary
   developments in order to illustrate a number of more general analytical
   themes which may have relevance among several countries."
   -- [doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17295-5_4]['19].
   in: uk us isbn:0333360591; uk us isbn13:978-1349172955;
       uk us isbn13:9780333360606 ?
   [[MonashUni library seems to have a copy, offsite. '19]]
      (Previously I thought it was in:
      'Inflation, Depression, and Economic Policy in the West',
      pp.111-146, 1981. ??Maybe also??)
   See, "... original formulation [of G's law] was:
        'Any observed statistical regularity will tend to collapse once
        pressure is placed upon it for control purposes.' ..."
   And, "... has been phrased by Marilyn Strathern as
        'When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.' ..."
   And, "... All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused. ...
        ... because people start to game it. ..."
   -- GL@[wikip]['19].
   [Also search for: Campbell law]  and  [also search for: publish perish].

%T All together now, or how Hamsters become co-authors of scientific papers
%I columbus-web
%M DEC
%D 2019
%K views, c2016, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, scientific, university, research,
   impact, JIF, KIP, KPIs, Hindex, publish, perish, guest author,
   multiple authors, trends, hamster, Geim, publications, papers, LPU, LPUs,
   ranking, distortion, misuse, gaming, implausibly, improbably prolific,
   authorship abuse
%X "Recent developments in international research illustrate two well-known
   laws, the Goodhart and the Campbell laws, both developed in the middle of the
   70s. ... Say you write one paper a year. If you team up with a colleague
   doing similar work and write two half-papers instead, both parties end up
   with their names on twice as many papers, but with no increase in workload.
   Find a third researcher to join in and you can get your name on three papers
   a year. And so on. ... Sir Andre Geim, who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in
   physics, listed H.A.M.S. ter Tisha as co-author of a paper he published in
   2001 in Physica B, a peer-reviewed journal! ..."
   -- [www]['19].
   'Detection of earth rotation with a diamagnetically levitating gyroscope',
      A.K.Geim, H.A.M.S.Ter Tisha, Physica B: Condensed Matter,
      vol.294-295, pp.736-739, 2001
   -- [doi:10.1016/S0921-4526(00)00753-5]['22].
   Also see, "... Geim's pet hamster was cited as a co-author in a sci. paper
      for his assistance with the project."
   -- [abc][9/2/2019].
   [Also search for: publish perish] & [also search for: implausibly prolific].

%A P. E. Smaldino
%A R. McElreath
%T The natural selection of bad science
%J Royal Soc. Open Sci.
%M SEP
%D 2016
%K jrnl, c2016, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, scientific, university, research, stats,
   job, management, selection, methodology, pValue, significance, KPI, KPIs,
   impact, Hindex, papers, publications, realscientists, Campbell, law
%X "Poor research design & data analysis encourage false-positive findings. ...
   The persistence of poor methods results partly from incentives that favour
   them, leading to the natural selection of bad science. ...first present a
   60-year meta-analysis of statistical power in the behavioural sciences &
   show that power has not improved despite repeated demonstrations of the
   necessity of increasing power. ... As in the real world, successful labs
   produce more 'progeny,' such that their methods are more often copied & their
   students are more likely to start labs of their own. Selection for high
   output leads to poorer methods & increasingly high false discovery rates. We
   additionally show that replication slows but does not stop the process of
   methodological deterioration. Improving the quality of research requires
   change at the institutional level."
   -- [doi:10.1098/rsos.160384]['19].
   Also see Smaldino, Nature, 575, 9, 2019
   [doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03350-5]['19] and
   [smaldino.com]['19].
   (Also see 'Incentive malus ...', The Economist 24/9/2016 [www]['19].)
   Quotes:
   "I've been on a number of search committees. I don't remember anybody looking
   at anybody's papers. Number and IF [impact factor] of pubs are what counts.
   -- Terry McGlynn (realscientists) (21 Oct 2015, 4:12 p.m. Tweet.)
   [Also search for: Campbells law].

%A A. R. Booker
%T Cracking the problem with 33
%I U. Bristol
%D 2019
%K TR, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, maths, number theory, sum, three, cubes,
   cube, integer, Mordell, Heath-Brown, HeathBrown, conjecture, 33, 42,
   UniBristol, UBristol
%X "Inspired by the Numberphile video 'The uncracked problem with 33' by
   Tim Browning and Brady Haran, we investigate solutions to x^3+y^3+z^3=k
   for a few small values of k.  We find the first known solution for k=33."
   "Let k be a +ve int with k .ne +/-4 (mod 9). ..."
   "33 = 8866128975287528^3 + (-8778405442862239)^3 + (-2736111468807040)^3."
   -- pdf@[bris]['19].
   (Also see, sums of three cubes,
   "... k cannot equal 4 or 5 modulo 9 [but] it is unknown whether this nec.
   condn is sufficient. ... Through ... searches, it was discovered that
   all k < 100 that are unequal to 4 or 5 modulo 9 have a soln, with two
   exceptions, 33 and 42 ... Heath-Brown conjectured [such k have] infinitely
   many representations as sums of three cubea. ..."
   -- [wikip]['19].
   So of 2-digit numbers, 33 done, 42 still unknown.)

%A C. Schofield
%A J. B. Wang
%A Y. Li
%T Quantum walk inspired algorithm for graph similarity and isomorphism
%J arXiv
%M FEB
%D 2019
%K TR, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, graph, maths, network, similarity,
   isomorphism, labelled, coined, quantumWalk, inspired, algorithm
%X "... networks can be v.large, [so] scalability & efficiency of the alg. are
   key concerns. More importantly, for gs. with unknown labeling, this
   g.similarity problem requires exponential time to solve using existing algs..
   ... we propose a quantum walk inspired alg., which provides a soln to the
   g.similarity problem without prior knowledge on graph labeling. [It] is
   capable of distinguishing between minor structural differences, such as
   between strongly regular gs. with the same parameters. [It] has polynomial
   complexity, scaling with O(n^9).
   -- 1902.11105@[arXiv]['19].
   (?"unknown labelling"  So, labels unknown but not absent?
   auth1 & 2 @ UWA, auth3 @ UWtrloo.  Does not mention  B a b a i (2015).)
   [Also search for: graph isomorphism]  &  [also search for: graph similarity].

%A W. G. Chase
%A H. A. Simon
%T Perception in chess
%J Cog. Psychology
%V 4
%P 55-81
%D 1973
%K jrnl, c1975, c197x, c19xx, zz0319, human, behaviour, skill, practice,
   learning, chess, master, grand master, game, deGroot, playing, chunk,
   chunking, mastery, training, goal, goals
%X "This paper develops a technique for isolating and studying the perceptual
   structures that chess players perceive. Three chess players of varying
   strength - from master to novice - were confronted with two tasks:
   (1) A perception task, where the player reproduces a chess position in plain
   view, and (2) de Groot's( 1965) short-term recall task, where the player
   reproduces a chess position after viewing it for 5sec. The successive glances
   at the position in the perceptual task and long pauses in tbe memory task
   were used to segment the structures in the reconstruction protocol. The size
   and nature of these structures were then analyzed as a function of chess
   skill."
   -- [c'teseer]['19].
   (Also see the
   [bbc][19/3/2019].)

%A M. Lang
%A et al ...
%A J. Henrich
%T Moralizing gods, impartiality and religious parochialism across 15 societies
%J Proc. Royal Soc. B
%V 286
%N 1898
%P id=20190202
%M MAR
%D 2019
%K jrnl, PRS, PRSB, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, human behaviour, society,
   civilisation, cooperation, cooperate, sharing, ingroup, outgroup,
   God, Gods, religious belief, religion
%X "... One hypothesis points to culturally evolved beliefs in punishing,
   interventionist gods that facilitate the extension of cooperative behaviour
   toward geographically distant co-religionists. [&] another hyp. points to
   such mechanisms being constrained to the religious ingroup, possibly at the
   expense of religious outgroups. To test ... we administered two behavioural
   experiments & a set of interviews to a sample of 2228 participants from 15
   diverse populations. ... included foragers, pastoralists, horticulturalists,
   & wage labourers, practicing Buddhism, Christianity, & Hinduism, but also
   forms of animism ... The effects of punishing & monitoring gods on outgroup
   allocations revealed between-site variability, suggesting that in the absence
   of intergroup hostility, moralizing gods may be implicated in cooperative
   behaviour toward outgroups. These results provide support for the hypothesis
   that beliefs in monitoring & punitive gods help expand the circle of
   sustainable social interaction, & open questions about the treatment of
   religious outgroups."
   -- [doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0202]['19].
   [Also search for: moralizing gods].

%A R. Wrangham
%T The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in
   Human Evolution
%I PantheonPress
%P 400
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K book, text, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, human behaviour, primate,
   cooperation, cooperate, aggression
%X 1st ed 2019; hb us$ ; uk us isbn:1101870907; uk us isbn13:978-1101870907.
   "How does the intensity of violence among humans compare with the aggressive
   behavior of other primates? How did humans domesticate themselves? And how
   were the acquisition of language and the practice of capital punishment
   determining factors in the rise of culture and civilization? ..."

%A A. Ghassami
%A S. Salehkaleybar
%A N. Kiyavash
%A K. Zhang
%T Counting and sampling from Markov equivalent DAGs using clique trees
%J arXiv
%M FEB
%D 2018
%K TR, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, Bayesian network, Bnet, causal model, DAG,
   equivalence class, clique tree, enumerate, count, sample, intervention
%X "... using only observational data, the structure of the ground truth DAG is
   identifiable only up to Markov equivalence, based on conditional independence
   relations among the variables. Therefore, the number of DAGs equivalent to
   the ground truth DAG is an indicator of the causal complexity of the
   underlying structure - roughly speaking, it shows how many interventions or
   how much additional information is further needed to recover the underlying
   DAG. ... we propose a new technique for counting the # of DAGs in a Markov
   equiv.class. ... based on the clique tree representation of chordal graphs.
   We show that in the case of bounded degree gs., the proposed alg. is
   polynomial time. [&] that this technique can be utilized for uniform sampling
   from a Markov equiv.class [which] may be needed for finding the best DAG or
   for causal inference given the equivalence class as input. We also extend our
   counting and sampling method to the case where prior knowledge about the
   underlying DAG is available, and present applications of this extension in
   causal experiment design and estimating the causal effect of joint
   interventions."
   -- 1802.01239@[arXiv]['19].
   [Also search for: Bnet intervention] and
   [also search for: DAG Markov equivalence].

%A P. Tiwari
%A M. Melucci
%T Binary classifier inspired by quantum theory
%J arXiv
%M MAR
%D 2019
%K TR, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, binary classifier, AI, II, quantum inspired,
   BCIQT, MNIST
%X "... Current ML models are based on classical theories of probability and
   statistics, which can now be replaced by Quantum Theory (QT) with the aim of
   improving the effectiveness of ML. In this paper, we propose the Binary
   Classifier Inspired by Quantum Theory (BCIQT) model, which outperforms the
   state of the art classification in terms of recall for every category."
   -- 1903.01167@[arXiv]['19].
   [Also search for: quantum inspired].

%A V. Havlicek
%A A. D. Corcoles
%A K. Temme
%A A. W. Harrow
%A A. Kandala
%A J. M. Chow
%A J. M. Gambetta
%T Supervised learning with quantum-enhanced feature spaces
%J Nature
%V 567
%N ?
%P 209-212
%M MAR
%D 2019
%K jrnl, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, quantum computing, classifier, features,
   algorithm, AI, supervised, kernel, SVM, IBM TJWatson
%X "... Kernel methods for [Mc.L.] are ubiquitous in pattern recognition, with
   [SVMs] being the best known method for classification problems. However,
   there are limitations to the successful soln to such c.problems when the
   feature space becomes large, & the kernel fns become computationally
   expensive to est.. A core elt in the computational speed-ups enabled by
   quantum algs. is the exploitation of an exponentially large q.state space
   through controllable entanglement & interference. ... propose &
   experimentally implement two q.algs. on a superconducting processor. A key
   component in both methods is the use of the q.state space as feature space.
   ... a possible path to quantum advantage. The alg. solve a problem of
   supervised learning: the construction of a classifier. One method, the
   quantum variational classifier, uses a variational quantum circuit to
   classify the data in a way similar to the method of conventional SVMs. The
   other method, a quantum kernel estimator, estimates the kernel fn on the
   q.computer & optimizes a classical SVM. The two methods provide tools for
   exploring the applications of noisy intermediate-scale q.computers to [M.L.]"
   -- [doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0980-2]['19]  [29 refs].
   (Also see discussion, pp.179-181
   -- [doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00771-0]['19].)

%A V. Amrhein
%A et al
%T Scientists rise up against statistical significance
%J Nature
%V 567
%P 305-307
%M MAR
%D 2019
%K news, views, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, stats, statistics, statistical,
   significance, test, p value, Pvalue, Pvalues, misuse, confidence interval,
   experiment, ASA, scientific research
%X "When was the last time you heard a seminar speaker claim there was
   'no difference' between two groups because the difference was
   'statistically non-significant'? ...
   -- [www]]['19].
   Also see,
   'The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose'
   [doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108]['19].

%A J. Griffith
%T The Great Firewall of China: How to Build and Control an
   Alternative Version of the Internet
%I ZedBooks
%P 288
%M MAR
%D 2019
%K book, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0319, internet, www, web, censor, censorship,
   China, Chinese, Xi Jinping, Great Firewall, state control, surveillance,
   communist party, PRC, CCP, autocrat, Orwellian, big brother, social media,
   press, freedom, nineteen eighty four, 1984, Winnie the Pooh, Weixin, WeChat
%X 1st ed 2019; hb us$20; uk us isbn:1786995352; uk us isbn13:978-1786995353.
   "... C. influence around the globe is tied to an increasing worldwide
   crackdown in online freedom. One of C's most insidious exports are its
   censorship techniques, and its Firewall is an inspiration for aspiring
   autocrats the world over. ..."
   (Also see [1984].)