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%A E. Tang
%T A quantum-inspired classical algorithm for recommendation systems
%J arXiv
%M JUL
%D 2018
%K TR, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, quantum computing, classical algorithm,
   inspired, computer, recommendation systems, recommender, completing, matrix,
   rank, Tang, QML, Kerenidis, Prakash
%X "A recommendation system suggests products to users based on data about user
   preferences. It is typically modeled by a problem of completing an m×n matrix
   of small rank k. We give the first classical alg. to produce a recommendation
   in O(poly(k)polylog(m,n)) time, which is an exponential improvement on prev.
   alg. that run in time linear in m & n. Our strategy is inspired by a quantum
   alg. by Kerenidis & Prakash: like the q.alg., instead of reconstructing
   a user's full list of prefs., we only seek a randomized sample from the
   user's preferences. Our main result is an alg. that samples high-weight
   entries from a low-rank approx. of the input matrix in time indep. of m & n,
   given natural sampling assumptions on that input matrix. [So] we show that
   K. & P.'s q.m/c learning (QML) alg., one of the strongest candidates for
   provably exponential speedups in QML, does not in fact give an exp. speedup
   over classical alg.."
   -- 1807.04271@[arXiv]['19].
   (Also see editorial N@ture [www][18/12/'18].)
   [Also search for: quantum inspired].

%A N. Tatti
%A P. Miettinen
%T Boolean matrix factorization meets consecutive ones property
%J arXiv
%M JAN
%D 2019
%O SIAM Int. Conf. on Data Mining (SDM19), 2019, to appear
%K TR, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, Boolean matrix factorisation, BMF,
   algorithm, decomposition, OBMF, consecutive ones property, cyclic, symmetric
%X "... study a problem of Boolean matrix factorization where we additionally
   require that the factor matrices have consecutive ones property (OBMF). A
   major applicn of this optimization problem comes from graph visualization:
   std techniques for visualizing gs. are circular or linear layout, where nodes
   are ordered in circle or on a line. A common problem ... is clutter due to
   too many edges. The std approach to deal with this is to bundle edges
   together & represent them as ribbon. We also show that we can use OBMF for
   edge bundling combined with circular or linear layout techniques. ... not
   only this problem is NP-hard but we cannot have a polynomial-time alg.
   that yields a multiplicative approx. guarantee (unless P=NP). On the +ve
   side, we develop a greedy alg. ... look for the best 1-rank factorization.
   Since even obtaining 1-rank factorization is NP-hard, we propose an iterative
   alg. ... fix one side & and find the other, reverse the roles, & repeat. ...
   step can be done in linear time using pq-trees. ... extend the problem to
   cyclic ones property & symmetric factorizations. ... algs. find high-quality
   factorizations & scale well."
   -- 1901.05797@[arXiv]['19].

%A V. K. Garg
%T Removing sequential bottleneck of Dijkstra's algorithm for the shortest path
   problem
%J arXiv
%M DEC
%D 2018
%K TR, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, algorithm, parallel, shortest path, paths,
   maths, graph, DAG, Crauser, Mehlhorn, Meyer, Sanders
%X "... present 4 algs ... SP1, SP2, SP3 & SP4. SP1 & SP2 reduce the # of heap
   operations in D's alg.. For directed acyclic graphs, or directed unweighted
   graphs they have the optimal complexity of O(e) where e is the # of edges
   in the graph which is better than that of D's alg.. For general graphs, their
   worst case complexity matches that of D's alg. for a sequential
   implementation but allows for greater parallelism. Algs SP3 & SP4 allow for
   even more parallelism but with higher work complexity. Alg. SP3 requires
   O(n+e(max(log(n),D))) work where n is the # of vertices & D is the maximum
   in-degree of a node. Alg. SP4 has the most parallelism. It requires O(ne)
   work. ..."
   -- 1812.10499@[arXiv]['19].

%A I. Bobrovskiy
%A J. M. Hope
%A A. Ivantsov
%A B. J. Nettersheim
%A C. Hallmann
%T Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the
   earliest animals
%J Science
%V 361
%N 6408
%P 1246-1249
%M SEP
%D 2018
%K jrnl, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, ancient, life, fossil, fossils, Ediacaran,
   Ediacara, Dickinsonia, cholesteroids, steroid, cholesterol, animal,
   Brachina Gorge, Flinders Ranges, Reg Sprigg
%X "The first complex organisms emerged during the Ediacaran period, around 600
   million years ago. ... show that lipid biomarkers extracted from organically
   preserved Ediacaran macrofossils unambiguously clarify their phylogeny.
   Dickinsonia and its relatives solely produced cholesteroids, a hallmark of
   animals. Our results make these iconic members of the Ediacara biota the
   oldest confirmed macroscopic animals in the rock record, indicating that the
   appearance of the Ediacara biota was indeed a prelude to the Cambrian
   explosion of animal life."
   -- [doi:10.1126/science.aat7228]['18].
   (Ediacaran Period ... from the end of the Cryogenian 635 Mya, to the
   beginning of the Cambrian 541 Mya. ... name from the Ediacara Hills where
   geologist Reg Sprigg first discovered fossils of the eponymous Ediacara
   biota in 1946 ... Brachina Gorge in the Flinders Ranges ... E.biota include
   the oldest definite multicellular organisms (with specialized tissues) ..."
   -- Ediacaran@[wikip]['19].)

%A C. M. Werner
%A et al ...
%A U. Laufs
%T Differential effects of endurance, interval, and resistance training on
   telomerase activity and telomere length in a randomized, controlled study
%J Euro. Heart J.
%P ehy585
%M NOV
%D 2018
%K jrnl, eJrnl, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, human health, aging, ageing,
   aerobic, endurance, resistance, exercise, training, telomere, length,
   telomerase, cellular, CD14, CD34
%X "... This randomized controlled trial shows that endurance training, IT, and
   RT protocols induce specific cellular pathways in circulating leucocytes.
   Endurance training and IT, but not RT, increased telomerase activity and TL
   which are important for cellular senescence, regenerative capacity, and thus,
   healthy aging."  [44 refs.]
   -- [doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy585]['18].

%A H. Naci
%A et al
%T How does exercise treatment compare with antihypertensive medications?
   A network meta-analysis of 391 randomised controlled trials assessing
   exercise and medication effects on systolic blood pressure
%J British J. Sports Med.
%V ?
%P ?-?
%M DEC
%D 2018
%K jrnl, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, human health, blood pressure, SBP,
   hypertension, exercise
%X "... Assuming equally reliable estimates, the SBP-lowering effect of exercise
   among hypertensive populations appears similar to that of commonly used
   antihypertensive medications. Generalisability of these findings to
   real-world clinical settings should be further evaluated."
   -- [doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099921]['18], online 18/12/2018.

%A H. A. Grunwald
%A et al ...
%A K. L. Cooper
%T Super-Mendelian inheritance mediated by CRISPR-Cas9 in the
   female mouse germline
%J Nature
%V ?
%N ?
%P ?-?
%N JAN
%D 2019
%K jrnl, MolBio, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, gene drive, mammal, mouse,
   CRISPR Cas9, biology, risks
%X "A gene drive biases the transmission of one of the two copies of a gene such
   that it is inherited more frequently than by random segregation. Highly
   efficient gene drive systems have recently been developed in insects ... we
   use an active genetic elt that encodes a guide RNA, which is embedded in the
   mouse tyrosinase (Tyr) gene, to evaluate whether targeted gene conversion can
   occur when CRISPR-Cas9 is active in the early embryo or in the developing
   germline. ..."
   -- [doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0875-2]['19].
   [Also search for: MolBio gene drive].

%A S. S. Dominy
%A et al ...
%A J. Potema
%T Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer's disease brains: Evidence for disease
   causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors
%J Sci. Adv.
%V 5
%M 1
%P ?-?
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K jrnl, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, human, brain, Alzheimers disease,
   Porphyromonas gingivalis, gingival, gingipains, bacterium, Cortexyme,
   periodontitis, plaques, Tau, ubiquitin, dementia
%X "Porphyromonas gingivalis, the keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis,
   was identified in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. Toxic proteases
   from the bacterium called gingipains were also identified in the brain of
   Alzheimer's patients, and levels correlated with tau and ubiquitin
   pathology. ... we designed and synthesized small-molecule inhibitors
   targeting gingipains. ..."
   -- [doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau3333]['19].

%T Classical and quantum computers are vying for superiority
%J Nature
%V 564
%P 302
%M DEC
%D 2018
%K news, views, editorial, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, quantum computing,
   classical, computer, algorithm, recommender systems, linear, rival, Ewin Tang
%X Editorial, "... Is a quantum computer even needed? High-profile work by an
   18-year-old computer scientist earlier this year suggests not, at least for
   one specific task. Ewin Tang effectively taught an old computer a new trick
   - one that was previously thought to need a quantum system.  She developed an
   extremely efficient classical alg. - that is, one that can run on an ordinary
   computer - for 'recommendation systems' ..."
   -- [doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07801-3]['18], online 18/12/2018.
   See, E.Tang, 'A quantum-inspired classical algorithm for
        recommendation systems', 10 July 2018,
        1807.04271@[arXiv]['19].
   [Also search for: quantum computer] or [also search for: quantum computing].

%A A. de Segner
%T Enumeratio modorum, quibus figurae planae rectilineae per diagonales
   dividuntur in triangula
%J Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae
%V 7
%P 203-209
%D 1758-1759
%K c1758, c175x, c17xx, zz0119, Catalan number, numbers, de Segner, deSegner,
   Dyck path, paths, maths, polygon, triangulation
%X "C_0=1, C_{n+1}=SUM_{i=0..n} C_i.C_{n-i}, for n > 0."
  See a copy at
  [ucla][23/1/'19],
  from
  [archive.org][23/1/'19].
  Also see
  Cnums@[wikip]['19],
  Dwrds@[wikip]['19]
  (Walther Franz Anton von Dyck 1856-1943).

%A N. K. Ahmed
%A J. Neville
%A R. A. Rossi
%A N. Duffield
%T Efficient graphlet counting for large networks
%J ICDM
%P ?-?
%D 2015
%K conf, c2015, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, maths, induced, subgraph, graphlet,
%X (NB. in this, graphlet = small(!) vertex induced subgraph.)
   "... we propose a fast, efficient, & parallel alg. for counting graphlets of
   size k={3,4}-nodes ... algs. leverages a # of proven combinatorial arguments
   for different graphlets. For each edge, we count a few graphlets, & with
   these counts along with the combinatorial arguments, we obtain the exact
   counts of others in constant time. On a large collection of 300+ n/wks from a
   variety of domains, our graphlet counting strategies are on average 460x
   faster than current methods. ..."
   -- [doi:10.1109/ICDM.2015.141]['19].
   [Also search for: graph count subgraph].

%T Machine learning leads mathematicians to unsolvable problem
%J Nature
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K news, views, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, machine learning, AI, II,
   learnability, learnable, compression, PAC, VC, estimating the maximum, EMX,
   Godel, incompleteness, continuum hypothesis, Shai Ben-David, Pavel Hrubes,
   Shay Moran, Amir Shpilka, Amir Yehudayoff, logic, paradox
%X ("A team of researchers has stumbled on a question that is mathematically
   unanswerable because it is linked to logical paradoxes discovered by Austrian
   mathematician Kurt Godel ... were working on a machine-learning problem, show
   that the question of 'learnability' - whether an algorithm can extract a
   pattern from limited data - is linked to a paradox known as the continuum
   hypothesis. ..."
   -- [doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00083-3]['19].
   More: 'Unprovability comes to machine learning', L. Reyzin,
   Nature, 565 pp 166-167, 7/1/2019,
   [doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00012-4]'19].)
   *** And the paper in question:
   'Learnability can be undecidable',
   Shai Ben-David, Pavel Hrubes, Shay Moran, Amir Shpilka, Amir Yehudayoff,
   Nature Machine Intelligence, 1, pp.44-48, 7/1/2019,
   "...  We show that, in some cases, a solution to the 'estimating the maximum'
   problem is equivalent to the continuum hypothesis. The main idea is to prove
   an equivalence between learnability and compression."
   -- [doi:10.1038/s42256-018-0002-3]['19]  ***.

%A S. Plouffe
%T A set of formulas for primes
%J arXiv
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K TR, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, maths, prime, primes, number, numbers,
   Mills, Wright
%X "A new set of formulas for primes is presented. These formulas are more
   efficient and grow much slower than the two known formulas of Mills and
   Wright."
   -- 1901.01849@[arXiv]['19].
%J arXiv
%M JAN
%D 2019

%A M. Equi
%A R. Grossi
%A C. Makinen
%T On the complexity of exact pattern matching in graphs: Binary strings and
   bounded degree
%J arXiv
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K TR , c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, maths, graph, string, labelled,
   Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis, SETH, Backurs, Indyk
%X "Exact pattern matching in labeled graphs is the problem of searching paths
   of a graph G=(V,E) that spell the same string as the pattern P[1..m]. ... We
   describe a simple conditional lower bound that, for any constant e > 0, an
   O(|E|^{1-e}m)-time or an O(|E|m^{1-e})-time alg. for exact p.matching on
   graphs, with node labels & patterns drawn from a binary alphabet, cannot be
   achieved unless the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (\seth) is false. The
   result holds even if restricted to undirected gs. of max. degree three or
   DAGs of max. sum of indegree & outdegree three. ..."
   -- 901.05264@[arXiv]['19].

%A M. Minsky
%T The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and
   the Future of the Human Mind
%I SimonAndSchuster
%P 400
%D 2006
%K book, text, Marvin Minsky, c2006, c200x, c20xx, zz0119, AI, human, mind,
   emotions, instinct, thought, consciousness, zzPrediction
%X reprint 2007, pb us$14; uk us isbn:0743276647, uk us isbn13: 978-0743276641.
   "... argues persuasively that emotions, intuitions, and feelings are not
   distinct things, but different ways of thinking. ... shows how our minds
   progress from simple, instinctive kinds of thought to more complex forms,
   such as consciousness or self-awareness. ..."
   (M.M., 1927-2016, MM@[wikip]['19].)

%A G. Savulich
%A E. Thorp
%A T. Piercy
%A K. A. Peterson
%A J. D. Pickard
%A B. J. Sahakian
%T Improvements in attention following cognitive training with the novel
   'Decoder' game on an iPad
%J Front. in Behav. Neurosci.
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K jrnl, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, decoder, human brain, attention, ADHD,
   game, cognitive training, improve, concentration, visual, RVP,
   Trail Making Test, TMT
%X "... aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive training in 75 healthy
   young adults randomly assigned to a Cognitive Training (8h of playing Decoder
   over 4 weeks; n=25), Active Control (8h of playing Bingo over 4 w; n=25) or
   Passive Control (continuation of activities of daily living; n=25) group.
   Results indicated that cognitive training with Decoder was superior to both
   control groups in terms of increased target sensitivity (A') on the Cambridge
   Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Rapid Visual Information processing
   (CANTAB RVP) test, indicating sig. improved sustained visual attention.
   Individuals playing Decoder also showed sig. better performance on the Trail
   Making Test (TMT) compared with those playing Bingo. ..."
   -- [doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00002]['19].
   (Also see the [abc][23/1/2019].)

%A R. Pryluk
%A Y. Kfir
%A H. Gelbard-Sagiv
%A I. Fried
%A R. Paz
%T A tradeoff in the neural code across regions and species
%J Cell
%V 176
%N 3
%P 597-609 E18
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K jrnl, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, human, monkey, primate, brain, brains,
   amygdala, cingulate, cortex, neurons, neuron, evolution, difference,
   psychopathologies, psychiatric, psychiatry, psychology, mental, health
%X "... we find that human neurons better utilize information capacity
   (efficient coding) than macaque neurons in both regions, and that cingulate
   neurons are more efficient than amygdala neurons in both species. In contrast
   we find more overlap in the neural vocabulary & more synchronized activity
   (robustness coding) in monkeys in both regions & in the amygdala of both
   species. Our findings demonstrate a tradeoff between robustness & efficiency
   across species and regions.  ..."
   -- [doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.032][24/1/2019].

%A K. Smith
%A T. Larroucau
%T Hunter-gatherers maintain assortativity in cooperation despite high levels
   of residential change and mixing
%J Current Biol.
%V 28
%N 19
%P P3152-3157.e4
%M OCT
%D 2018
%K jrnl, c2018, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, UPenn, human behaviour, society,
   cooperation, IPD, share, sharing, help, Hadza, hunter gatherer,
   cooperative, selfish, culture, reciprocity
%X "... we analyze four years of data (2010, 2013, 2014, 2016) tracking
   residence & levels of cooperation elicited from a public goods game in Hadza
   hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. Data were collected from 56 camps, comprising
   383 unique individuals, 137 of whom we have data for two or more years.
   Despite significant residential mixing, we observe a robust pattern of
   assortment that is necessary for cooperation to evolve; in every year, Hadza
   camps exhibit high between-camp & low within-camp variation in cooperation.
   We find little evidence that cooperative behavior within individuals is
   stable over time or that similarity in cooperation between dyads predicts
   their future cohabitation. Both sets of findings are inconsistent with models
   that assume stable cooperative & selfish types, including partner choice
   models. Consistent with social norms, culture, & reciprocity theories,
   the strongest predictor of an individual's level of cooperation is the
   mean cooperation of their current campmates. ..."
   -- [doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.064]['19],
      313064@[biorXiv][22/5/2018].
   So, "predictor ... mean cooperation of their current campmates"!
   (Also see the abc[9/1/2019].)
   [Also search for: human cooperation].

%A Franklin Pierce Adams
%T Quote
%D 1881-1960
%K Adams, quote, quotable, good old days, bad memory, faulty, zz0119,
   nostalgia, funny, haha
%X "Nothing is more responsible for the good old days than a bad memory."
   -- is attributed to Franklin Pierce Adams (1881-1960) by a
   number of quotation web-sites.

%A B. Stevenson
%A J. Wolfers
%T Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox
%J NBER
%R Working Paper # 14282
%M AUG
%D 2008
%K TR 14282, TR14282, NBER, c2008, c200x, c20xx, zz0119, happiness, wealth,
   Betsey Stevenson, money, happy, Easterlin paradox, economics, GDP, nation,
   national, well being, wellbeing
%X "The "Easterlin paradox" suggests that there is no link between a society's
   economic development & its avg level of happiness. We re-assess this p.
   analyzing multiple rich datasets spanning many decades. Using recent data on
   a broader array of countries, we establish a clear +ve link between avg
   levels of subjective well-being & GDP per capita across countries, & find no
   evidence of a satiation point beyond which wealthier countries have no
   further increases in subjective well-being. We show that the estimated
   relationship is consistent across many datasets & is similar to the
   relationship between subject well-being & income observed within countries.
   Finally, examining the relationship between changes in subjective well-being
   & income over time within countries we find economic growth assoc. with
   rising happiness. Together these findings indicate a clear role for absolute
   income & a more limited role for relative income comparisons in determining
   happiness."
   -- [www]['19],
      [doi:10.3386/w14282]['19].
   [Also search for: Easterlin happiness].

%A N. Grinberg
%A K. Joseph
%A L. Friedland
%A B. Swire-Thompson
%A D. Lazer
%T Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election
%J Science
%V 363
%N 6425
%P 374-378
%M JAN
%D 2019
%K jrnl, c2019, c201x, c20xx, zz0119, social media, twitter, facebook,
   internet, www, Russia, Trump, zzTrump, Trumpery, POTUS, president, US, USA,
   election, politics, fake news, fakeNews, lies
%X "... We examined exposure to & sharing of fake news by registered voters on
   Twitter & found that engagement with fake news sources was extremely
   concentrated. Only 1% of individuals accounted for 80% of fake news source
   exposures, & 0.1% accounted for nearly 80% of fake news sources shared.
   Individuals most likely to engage with fake news sources were conservative
   leaning, older, & highly engaged with political news. A cluster of fake news
   sources shared overlapping audiences on the extreme right, but for people
   across the political spectrum, most political news exposure still came from
   mainstream media outlets."
   (And, "... the strongest predictors of the proportion of fake news sources
      in an individual's feed were the individual's age & # of political URLs
      in the individual's feed ...")
   -- [doi:10.1126/science.aau2706]['19].